11月，第七次全國人口普查展開；第三屆進(jìn)博會(huì)在上海舉行；三峽工程建設(shè)任務(wù)全面完成；國務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制發(fā)布《進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称奉A(yù)防性全面消毒工作方案》；深海載人潛水器“奮斗者”號(hào)創(chuàng)下新紀(jì)錄；教育部印發(fā)《研究生導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)行為準(zhǔn)則》；《區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》正式簽署；華為出售榮耀全部資產(chǎn)；嫦娥五號(hào)探測器成功發(fā)射；我國貧困縣全部脫貧；國辦發(fā)文解決老年人面臨的“數(shù)字鴻溝”問題；直播打賞出新規(guī)，要求用戶實(shí)名制。

全國人口普查 national census

China on Sunday started its seventh national census, with about 7 million census takers going door to door to document demographic changes. The census collects data including the name, ID number, gender, marital status, education, and profession of Chinese citizens.11月1日，第七次全國人口普查正式開始登記，700多萬普查人員走入千家萬戶，登記普查信息。這次普查登記包括姓名、身份證號(hào)、性別、婚姻狀態(tài)、受教育程度以及職業(yè)等信息。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

全國人口普查（national census）是指在國家統(tǒng)一規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)（within a defined period），按照統(tǒng)一的方法、統(tǒng)一的項(xiàng)目、統(tǒng)一的調(diào)查表和統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)點(diǎn)（using the same method, categories and survey forms at a set time），對(duì)全國人口普遍地、逐戶逐人地進(jìn)行的一次性調(diào)查登記。

普查對(duì)象是普查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)點(diǎn)在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)的自然人（the natural persons living within the territory of the People’s Republic of China on the standard time point of census）以及在中華人民共和國境外但未定居的中國公民（the Chinese citizens who are outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China but have not become permanent residents of the other country），不包括在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)短期停留的境外人員（foreigners who are making a short-term stay within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be excluded）。

首次采取自主填報(bào)

When census takers knock on your door, you can answer the questions by registering the information directly on the smart devices. Or，the census taker will offer you an account number and a QR code so that you can register your information within a certain time.

普查員上門時(shí)，住戶可以直接在普查智能設(shè)備上填報(bào)信息，也可以請普查員提供自主填報(bào)的二維碼及自主填報(bào)碼與密碼，在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成自主填報(bào)。

采用多項(xiàng)技術(shù)保護(hù)公民隱私

此次普查采用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)云技術(shù)、云服務(wù)和云應(yīng)用部署，按照國家網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全等級(jí)保護(hù)三級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求進(jìn)行安全管理。

All information collected is filled in through the internet and is directly uploaded to the national database in real-time, eliminating possible human interference.采集的所有信息通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)填報(bào)，數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)被實(shí)時(shí)上傳至處理中心，消除了人為干預(yù)的可能性。

Both the mobile end and the server end have adopted highly strict data encryption and desensitization technology so that personal information cannot be hacked or disclosed during the process of data transmission.信息采集的移動(dòng)端和服務(wù)器端采取了嚴(yán)密的數(shù)據(jù)加密和脫敏技術(shù)，個(gè)人信息不會(huì)在數(shù)據(jù)傳輸過程中泄露。

雜交水稻 hybrid rice

11月2日，湖南省衡陽市衡南縣清竹村，由“雜交水稻之父”袁隆平團(tuán)隊(duì)研發(fā)的雜交水稻雙季畝產(chǎn)突破1500公斤大關(guān)，其中晚稻品種為第三代雜交水稻。

Despite unfavorable weather conditions this year, the two harvests combined－consisting of early-season and late-season crops－surpassed 22.5 tons per hectare, realizing the goal set earlier this year by renowned agricultural expert Yuan Longping, who has spearheaded research into hybrid rice strains.雖然今年天氣條件不利，但是早晚稻雙季畝產(chǎn)仍然超過1500公斤（相當(dāng)于每公頃22.5噸），達(dá)到了著名農(nóng)業(yè)專家袁隆平今年早些時(shí)候定下的目標(biāo)。袁隆平一直致力于雜交水稻品種的研究。

【單詞講解】

這里的harvest用作名詞表示“（農(nóng)作物的）收成”，與yield可以互換使用。Yield這個(gè)詞可以用作名詞和動(dòng)詞，表示“產(chǎn)量、收益”或者“屈服、投降、退讓”等意思，比如：yield to someone/something（屈服于某人或某事），yield to impulse（一時(shí)沖動(dòng)），yield to pressure（屈服于壓力）；yield a profit（獲得收益），lucrative yield（豐厚的收益），average annual yield（平均年產(chǎn)量）等。

“雜交水稻”hybrid rice中的hybrid是一個(gè)用法很多的名詞，除了表示“（動(dòng)植物的）雜交品種”以外，還可以表示“（使用多種動(dòng)力來源的）混合動(dòng)力車”，比如：Most car manufacturers now offer hybrids.（大多數(shù)汽車廠商現(xiàn)在都提供混合動(dòng)力車型）。

對(duì)于這個(gè)產(chǎn)量，90歲的袁隆平院士在與測產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場5G視頻連線時(shí)表示：

The fresh record means a 1-hectare hybrid rice field can feed as many as 75 people.新紀(jì)錄意味著一畝地可以養(yǎng)活5個(gè)人（相當(dāng)于一公頃地養(yǎng)活75個(gè)人）。

I am more than excited and extremely satisfied with the results.這個(gè)結(jié)果我非常滿意，很激動(dòng)。

The next goal is to promote the experiences of Hengnan county and plant the advanced rice variety in other rice-producing regions in China, contributing to safeguarding the country’s food security.我們下面進(jìn)一步把品種、經(jīng)驗(yàn)在全國其他稻米產(chǎn)區(qū)推廣開來，為國家的糧食安全作出新的貢獻(xiàn)。

據(jù)了解，第三代雜交水稻技術(shù)被袁隆平看作是突破畝產(chǎn)“天花板”的關(guān)鍵。專家認(rèn)為，第三代雜交水稻的“基因強(qiáng)大”，具有高產(chǎn)（high-yielding）、抗?。╠isease-resistant）、抗寒（cold resistant）、抗倒（lodging resistant）等特點(diǎn)。

雜交水稻技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，為解決我國糧食問題做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

China now feeds around 20 percent of the world’s population with less than 9 percent of the world’s arable land.中國現(xiàn)在用全球不到9%的耕地養(yǎng)活全世界約20%的人口。

Yuan, who developed the world’s first hybrid rice in the 1970s, has set multiple world records in hybrid rice yields in previous years, making great contributions to the food security of China and the world.袁隆平在上世紀(jì)70年代研發(fā)出全世界第一個(gè)雜交水稻品種，過去幾年間，他研發(fā)的雜交水稻產(chǎn)量多次創(chuàng)造世界紀(jì)錄，為中國和全世界的糧食安全作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。

第三屆中國國際進(jìn)口博覽會(huì) the third China International Import Expo

11月4日，第三屆中國國際進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)（the third China International Import Expo）暨虹橋國際經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇（the Hongqiao International Economic Forum）開幕式將在上海舉行。

看點(diǎn)一：“進(jìn)博朋友圈”擴(kuò)大，參展企業(yè)質(zhì)量更高

Though affected by COVID-19, this year’s CIIE is attracting global exhibitors in droves. Nearly 50 Fortune 500 and industry-leading companies are participating for the first time, as well as international debuts of hundreds of new products, technologies and services.盡管受到全球新冠肺炎疫情影響，但各國企業(yè)參展積極踴躍。近50家世界500強(qiáng)和行業(yè)龍頭企業(yè)首次參展，還有數(shù)百個(gè)新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)和新服務(wù)全球首發(fā)。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

中國國際進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)（China International Import Expo，CIIE），是迄今為止世界上第一個(gè)以進(jìn)口為主題的國家級(jí)展會(huì)（the world’s first import expo held at the national level），是國際貿(mào)易發(fā)展史上一大創(chuàng)舉。舉辦中國國際進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)，是中國著眼于推動(dòng)新一輪高水平對(duì)外開放作出的重大決策（an important decision made by China to pursue a new round of high-level opening-up），是中國主動(dòng)向世界開放市場的重大舉措。這體現(xiàn)了中國支持多邊貿(mào)易體制、推動(dòng)發(fā)展自由貿(mào)易的一貫立場（China’s consistent position of supporting the multilateral trading system and promoting free trade），是中國推動(dòng)建設(shè)開放型世界經(jīng)濟(jì)、支持經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的實(shí)際行動(dòng)（a concrete action by China to advance an open world economy and support economic globalization）。

看點(diǎn)二：六大展區(qū)“硬核”展品吸睛

The expo’s total exhibition area has been expanded by 30,000 square meters, covering six exhibitions－food and agricultural products, automobiles, equipment, consumer goods, healthcare and services.本屆進(jìn)博會(huì)總展覽面積比上屆擴(kuò)大近3萬平方米，設(shè)立六大展區(qū)：食品及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品展區(qū)、汽車展區(qū)、技術(shù)裝備展區(qū)、消費(fèi)品展區(qū)、醫(yī)療器械及醫(yī)藥保健展區(qū)、服務(wù)貿(mào)易展區(qū)。

看點(diǎn)三：四大專區(qū)緊扣市場熱點(diǎn)

Four new special sections will debut including public health and epidemic prevention, energy saving and environmental protection, smart transportation and sporting/gaming.第三屆進(jìn)博會(huì)新設(shè)公共衛(wèi)生防疫、節(jié)能環(huán)保、智慧出行和體育用品及賽事等4個(gè)專區(qū)。

看點(diǎn)四：采購商達(dá)40萬人，結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化

Altogether, 112,000 domestic companies from across the country have formed 39 trade missions, and total registered professional buyers reached 400,000.今年專業(yè)采購商達(dá)到40萬人，共組建39個(gè)交易團(tuán)，注冊單位11.2萬家。

Two-thirds of them come from the country’s three major economic engines－the Yangtze River Delta, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and nearly 1,400 of the companies import more than $100 million in goods annually.報(bào)名注冊的采購商中，有三分之二來自于長三角、粵港澳大灣區(qū)以及京津冀地區(qū)，年進(jìn)口額1億美元以上的有近1400家。

看點(diǎn)五：線上與線下結(jié)合，商業(yè)與文化交融

Themed on dealing with common challenges through collaboration, the Hongqiao International Economic Forum will be held during the expo, with some high-level politicians, business executives and experts attending the forum online.進(jìn)博會(huì)期間，將圍繞合作應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)主題舉辦虹橋國際經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇，一些政府高官、企業(yè)高管以及專家等將通過線上方式出席論壇。

An Italy business delegation will attend the third CIIE with 55 world intangible cultural heritages and more than 80 exhibitors.意大利商務(wù)代表團(tuán)將帶著該國55個(gè)由聯(lián)合國教科文組織認(rèn)定的世界文化遺產(chǎn)和88個(gè)參展商參加本屆進(jìn)博會(huì)。

看點(diǎn)六：強(qiáng)化疫情防控，嚴(yán)格管理食品冷鏈

All expo participants will need to take COVID-19 testing, temperature checks and submit health declarations. Visitors from overseas will undergo a 14-day quarantine.所有參展參會(huì)人員進(jìn)行全員核酸檢測，體溫檢查并提交健康申明。入境人員需進(jìn)行14天隔離。

In the expo venue, five medical stations and 26 temporary observation zones will be stationed by 400 medics. Across the city, 33 hospitals were designated to handle any emergency cases from the expo.在場館內(nèi)設(shè)置5個(gè)醫(yī)療站，此外還增設(shè)了26個(gè)臨時(shí)觀察點(diǎn)，共有400名醫(yī)護(hù)人員值守。上海還指定了33家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)作為定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院應(yīng)對(duì)突發(fā)情況。

和往屆進(jìn)博會(huì)不同，今年進(jìn)博會(huì)展區(qū)內(nèi)將不零售冷凍生鮮食品（fresh & frozen food），禁止試吃未經(jīng)“全熟加工”的冷凍生鮮食品。

三峽工程 the Three Gorges project

China’s Ministry of Water Resources and the National Development and Reform Commission announced the official full completion of the project’s construction, saying the Three Gorges project has met all design requirements, has a good overall performance, and fulfills the key roles of flood control, electricity generation, shipping and water-resource utilization.水利部、國家發(fā)展改革委公布，三峽工程建設(shè)任務(wù)全面完成，工程質(zhì)量滿足規(guī)程規(guī)范和設(shè)計(jì)要求，運(yùn)行持續(xù)保持良好狀態(tài)，防洪、發(fā)電、航運(yùn)、水資源利用等綜合效益全面發(fā)揮。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

三峽工程（the Three Gorges project）全稱為長江三峽水利樞紐工程。整個(gè)工程包括一座混凝重力式大壩（concrete gravity structure），泄水閘（sluice gate），一座堤后式水電站（hydropower station at dam toe），一座永久性通航船閘（navigation lock）和一架升船機(jī)（lifter）。三峽工程建筑由大壩、水電站廠房和通航建筑物三大部分組成。大壩壩頂總長3035米，壩高185米。三峽工程是迄今為止世界上規(guī)模最大的水利樞紐工程（the world’s biggest water conservancy project）和綜合效益最廣泛的水電工程（a hydropower project with widespread benefits）。

監(jiān)測表明，攔河大壩及泄洪消能（flood drainage）、引水發(fā)電（water diversion and power generation）、通航（navigation）及茅坪溪防護(hù)工程等主要建筑物工作性態(tài)正常，機(jī)電系統(tǒng)及設(shè)備、金屬結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)備運(yùn)行安全穩(wěn)定。

防洪

By the end of August, the dam had held back 180 billion cubic meters of water during flood seasons. It saw inflows of over 70,000 cubic meters per second in 2010,2012 and this year and reduced flood peaks by about 40 percent, the review said, greatly easing flood-control pressure in downstream rice-growing areas.至2020年8月底，三峽水庫累計(jì)攔洪總量超過1800億立方米。2010年、2012年、2020年入庫最大洪峰均超過70000立方米每秒，經(jīng)過水庫攔蓄，削減洪峰約40%，極大減輕了長江中下游稻米產(chǎn)區(qū)防洪壓力。

發(fā)電

The world’s largest hydropower station, the dam had generated over 1.35 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity by August, contributing to electricity supply in Central and East China and in Guangdong province.三峽電站是世界上總裝機(jī)容量最大的水電站。截至2020年8月底，三峽電站累計(jì)發(fā)電量超過13500億千瓦時(shí)，有力支持了華東、華中、廣東等地區(qū)電力供應(yīng)。

水資源利用

During dry seasons, discharges have been raised to more than 5,500 cubic meters per second, providing more than 20 billion cubic meters of water a year for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.三峽水庫每年枯水季節(jié)下泄流量提高到5500立方米每秒以上，為長江中下游補(bǔ)水200多億立方米。

By the end of August, the reservoir had provided replenishment for 2,267 days, with a total water supply of 289.4 billion cubic meters, optimizing production, living conditions and the ecology of the river’s middle and lower reaches, the review said.截至2020年8月底累計(jì)補(bǔ)水2267天，補(bǔ)水總量2894億立方米，改善了中下游地區(qū)生產(chǎn)、生活和生態(tài)用水條件。

【單詞講解】

這里的replenishment表示“the act of filling something up again by replacing what has been used”，也就是“補(bǔ)給；重新補(bǔ)足”等意思，比如： product replenishment（補(bǔ)貨），Bone marrow plays an important role in the constant replenishment of red blood cells.（骨髓在持續(xù)補(bǔ)充紅細(xì)胞方面發(fā)揮重要作用）。

生態(tài)與環(huán)境保護(hù)

Electricity produced by the power station was equivalent to that from burning 430 million metric tons of standard coal, leading to a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.至2020年8月底，三峽電站發(fā)出的優(yōu)質(zhì)清潔電力能源相當(dāng)于節(jié)約標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤4.30億噸，節(jié)能減排效益顯著。

航運(yùn)

The project has also significantly improved navigation conditions and bolstered shipping capacity and freight volume in the Yangtze, the review said. By August, some 1.48 billion tons of cargo had passed through the Three Gorges Dam, boosting development in the Yangtze’s economic belt.三峽工程顯著改善了川江航道通航條件，過閘貨運(yùn)量快速增長，截至2020年8月底，累計(jì)過閘貨運(yùn)量14.8億噸，有力推動(dòng)了長江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶發(fā)展。

搬遷安置

The production and living environments of the 1.31 million people who were relocated to make way for the Three Gorges project have been greatly improved, and infrastructure and public service facilities in the reservoir area have developed rapidly, it said.131萬搬遷安置移民生產(chǎn)生活狀況顯著改善，庫區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公共服務(wù)設(shè)施實(shí)現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展。

進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称?imported cold-chain food

國務(wù)院應(yīng)對(duì)新型冠狀病毒肺炎疫情聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制11月9日向全國印發(fā)《進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称奉A(yù)防性全面消毒工作方案》。

China is doubling down on efforts to stem the transmission of the novel coronavirus through imported cold-chain products, requiring thorough disinfection of such shipments before they come into contact with domestic workers.中國加大力度防范新冠病毒通過進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称穫鞑ィ笤谶M(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称肥状闻c我境內(nèi)人員接觸前實(shí)施預(yù)防性全面消毒處理。

【單詞講解】

這里的double down最初見于紙牌類賭博游戲，指的是玩家認(rèn)為自己手里的牌好，所以“加倍下注”，后來這個(gè)短語就用來表示“冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)做某事”。到了21世紀(jì)，這個(gè)短語的含義繼續(xù)拓展，多用于商業(yè)、媒體、時(shí)政等領(lǐng)域，表示to work twice as hard，即“加大力度做某事”，常用的搭配是double down on something，比如：Fox is doubling down on its marketing efforts to give the movie a big boost.（福克斯正在加大市場推廣力度，強(qiáng)推這部影片）。當(dāng)然了，用在負(fù)面信息的語境中也是可以的，比如：Instead of learning from his mistakes, he’s doubling down.（他沒有從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)，而是開始變本加厲）。

方案要求，在確保進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称钒踩耐瑫r(shí)，提升口岸通關(guān)效率（improve customs clearance efficiency ），避免貨物積壓滯港（avoid overstocking），保障產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應(yīng)鏈穩(wěn)定（ensure the stability of the industrial and supply chain）。

口岸環(huán)節(jié)

For imported cold-chain foods that test negative for the virus, the interiors of cold chain vans and the outer packaging of the foods should be disinfected before being transported. The foods that test positive for COVID-19 will be returned or destroyed.病毒檢測結(jié)果為陰性的進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称罚瑢?duì)進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称返募b箱內(nèi)壁、貨物外包裝實(shí)施消毒。檢測結(jié)果為陽性的，按規(guī)定作退運(yùn)或銷毀處理。

冷鏈運(yùn)輸和出入庫環(huán)節(jié)

The plan requires cold-chain logistics firms to strictly check customs clearance documents for imported cold-chain foods and disinfect vehicles, ships, and other transportation equipment. Workers who have direct contact with the foods should take protective measures.冷鏈物流企業(yè)嚴(yán)格查驗(yàn)海關(guān)通關(guān)單證，落實(shí)運(yùn)輸車輛船舶等裝載運(yùn)輸裝備消毒、一線工作人員個(gè)人防護(hù)等措施。

Cold storages should keep records of imported cold-chain foods coming in and out, and the records should be kept for at least two years, read the plan.

冷庫接受進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称窌r(shí)，做好貨物的出入庫記錄，相關(guān)資料和記錄應(yīng)至少留存2年。

市場環(huán)節(jié)

Sellers of imported cold-chain foods must present disinfection certificates before their products are allowed to enter the market, according to the document.加強(qiáng)進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称肥欠裣镜南嚓P(guān)證明查驗(yàn)工作，防止未經(jīng)過預(yù)防性全面消毒處理的進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称愤M(jìn)入市場。

Efforts should go into ensuring all the imported cold-chain foods entering the market are traceable, the plan said.

做到所有進(jìn)入市場的進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称穪碓纯刹?、去向可追?/p>

載人潛水器 manned submersible

China’s deep-sea manned submersible Fendouzhe, or Striver, set a national diving record of 10,909 meters on Tuesday in the Challenger Deep, a 11,000-meter chasm located at the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean, according to the Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering under the Chinese Academy of Sciences.中國科學(xué)院深?？茖W(xué)與工程研究所的消息顯示，中國深海載人潛水器“奮斗者”號(hào)11月10日在西太平洋馬里亞納海溝最深處成功下潛至10909米，創(chuàng)下國內(nèi)新紀(jì)錄。被稱為“挑戰(zhàn)者深淵”的馬里亞納海溝最深處深度為11000米。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

所謂坐底，是在綜合考慮潛水器速度、姿態(tài)和海底地質(zhì)情況下，讓潛水器人為地在海底著陸（land at the seabed）。

在載人潛水器（manned submersible）方面，我國先后研制了“蛟龍”號(hào)、“深海勇士”號(hào)，“奮斗者”號(hào)是我國新一代載人潛水器。此外，我國還有“海斗”號(hào)、“海燕”號(hào)和“海翼”號(hào)等無人潛水器（unmanned submersible）。

與其相關(guān)的“深潛技術(shù)”（deep-dive technology），指在深海環(huán)境利用深潛器（deep-diving submersible）進(jìn)行水下考察（underwater exploration）、海底勘探（seabed exploration）、海底開發(fā)和打撈（seabed development and salvage）、救生（rescue）等任務(wù)的技術(shù)。

The world’s current deepest diving manned submersible is DSV Limiting Factor, which reached 10,927 meters last year.目前，世界上下潛最深的潛水器是“深潛限制因子”號(hào)，去年曾下潛至10927米的深度。

本次海試任務(wù)采用了“雙船”保障模式。

The submersible, together with the mother ships Exploration 1 and Exploration 2, set off from Sanya, Hainan province, for the 10,000-meter-deep-sea diving operation on Oct 10.10月10日，“奮斗者”號(hào)與“探索一號(hào)”“探索二號(hào)”母船一起，從海南三亞啟程開展萬米級(jí)海試。

The submersible first broke the 10,000-meter milestone by descending to 10,058 meters at the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean on Oct 27.10月27日，“奮斗者”號(hào)在西太平洋馬里亞納海溝首次成功下潛突破1萬米，達(dá)10058米。

研究生導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)行為準(zhǔn)則 code of conduct for postgraduates’ supervisors

教育部日前印發(fā)《研究生導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)行為準(zhǔn)則》，明確提出“十不得”，為導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)行為劃定基本底線。

Supervisors shoulder the primary responsibility in cultivating postgraduate students and the important task of nurturing high-end and innovative talent, the Ministry of Education said.教育部指出，研究生導(dǎo)師是研究生培養(yǎng)的第一責(zé)任人，肩負(fù)著為國家培養(yǎng)高層次創(chuàng)新人才的重要使命。

【單詞講解】

這里的supervisor就是在研究生階段對(duì)學(xué)生提供選題指導(dǎo)、學(xué)術(shù)專業(yè)培養(yǎng)、論文指導(dǎo)等專業(yè)支持的“導(dǎo)師”；在職場，這個(gè)詞多用來指某個(gè)部門或機(jī)構(gòu)的“主管”。在教育領(lǐng)域，還有幾個(gè)跟老師相關(guān)的詞，這里也簡單介紹一下：tutor多指“一對(duì)一指導(dǎo)教師”，我們常說的“家教”就可以用這個(gè)詞表示；mentor一般也翻譯為“導(dǎo)師、顧問”，不過這個(gè)詞更強(qiáng)調(diào)“師徒傳承”這層意思，除了專業(yè)方面的指導(dǎo)以外，也會(huì)在精神成長方面有引領(lǐng)作用，所以有時(shí)候也會(huì)稱為“人生導(dǎo)師”。

準(zhǔn)則提出的“十不得”要求為：

should not present speeches or actions that go against the Party’s theories and policies, violate State laws and regulations, damage the image of the Party and the State, or deviate from the core socialist values.不得有違背黨的理論和路線方針政策、違反國家法律法規(guī)、損害黨和國家形象、背離社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀的言行；

should not organize or participate in any activity that may compromise the fairness and impartiality of examination and admissions不得組織或參與任何有可能損害考試招生公平公正的活動(dòng)；

should not neglect to supervise and advise graduate students on their academic progress and the academic problems they face不得對(duì)研究生的學(xué)業(yè)進(jìn)程及面臨的學(xué)業(yè)問題疏于監(jiān)督和指導(dǎo)；

should not ask students to do things irrelevant to their academic study, scientific research and social service不得要求研究生從事與學(xué)業(yè)、科研、社會(huì)服務(wù)無關(guān)的事務(wù)；

should not purposely delay students’ graduation不得違規(guī)隨意拖延研究生畢業(yè)時(shí)間；

should not violate the academic standards or harm the academic research rights and interests of graduate students不得有違反學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范、損害研究生學(xué)術(shù)科研權(quán)益等行為；

should not submit dissertations that do not meet academic standards and quality requirements for review and defense不得將不符合學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范和質(zhì)量要求的學(xué)位論文提交評(píng)審和答辯；

should not make misrepresentation, fraudulent claim, or misappropriation of research funds or other expenses in the name of graduate students不得以研究生名義虛報(bào)、冒領(lǐng)、挪用、侵占科研經(jīng)費(fèi)或其他費(fèi)用；

should not humiliate students不得侮辱研究生人格；

should not have inappropriate relationships with students不得與研究生發(fā)生不正當(dāng)關(guān)系。

準(zhǔn)則強(qiáng)調(diào)，對(duì)違反準(zhǔn)則的導(dǎo)師，培養(yǎng)單位要依規(guī)采取約談、限招（limit the number of students they can supervise）、停招直至取消導(dǎo)師資格（disqualify them from supervising any students）等處理措施；對(duì)情節(jié)嚴(yán)重、影響惡劣的，一經(jīng)查實(shí)，要堅(jiān)決清除出教師隊(duì)伍（be banned from teaching）；涉嫌違法犯罪的移送司法機(jī)關(guān)處理（transferred to judicial authorities）。

冬季疫情防控 epidemic prevention and control in the winter

國家衛(wèi)健委副主任李斌在新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上表示，目前全球疫情加速蔓延，我國面臨境外輸入病例導(dǎo)致本地傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大。

China is likely to see sporadic outbreaks of scattered infections throughout the winter and to experience regional outbreaks. To tackle the risks, the country will carry out a public health and hygiene campaign in the coming seasons to help prevent COVID-19 and other seasonal infectious diseases, Li said at a press briefing.李斌表示，今冬我國將處于疫情零星散發(fā)狀態(tài)，局部地區(qū)可能發(fā)生聚集性疫情。為了應(yīng)對(duì)這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我國將在冬春季開展公共衛(wèi)生專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)，防止新冠肺炎以及其他季節(jié)性傳染病的傳播。

【單詞講解】

這里的sporadic是形容詞，表示“happening sometimes; not regular or continuous”，即“偶爾發(fā)生的；不規(guī)律、不連續(xù)的”，與occasional意思接近，不過sporadic的意思要比occasional略廣，它既可以表示“零星的”，也可以表示“偶然的，不規(guī)律的”，但occasional通常只用來表示“偶然的，不規(guī)律的”。比如：His job requires occasional trips to the West Coast.這句話中的occasional就可以用sporadic來替換，但是表達(dá)“零星的病例”sporadic outbreaks的時(shí)候，我們通常不會(huì)用occasional來替換。

面對(duì)這一形勢，流感疫苗接種、冷鏈?zhǔn)称愤M(jìn)口、跨境活動(dòng)怎樣更精準(zhǔn)地“防”？

流感疫苗接種

China’s flu vaccine production this year has doubled compared with last year, reaching a five-year high.今年國家流感疫苗生產(chǎn)和去年相比翻了一番，產(chǎn)量是近五年來最多的一年。

About 25 million doses of flu vaccines had been used nationwide to vaccinate people by Nov 9, which is almost equal to last year’s total.截至11月9日，全國流感疫苗接種量約2500萬劑，已經(jīng)接近去年的接種量。

加強(qiáng)檢測、消殺

The National Health Commission will intensify nucleic acid tests on staff at quarantine sites, workers involved in handling cold-chain imports and other imported goods, in tandem with regular tests on high-risk groups, including close contacts of confirmed cases, incoming passengers and people with a fever.在繼續(xù)做好針對(duì)密接人群、入境旅客以及發(fā)熱人員等高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群常規(guī)檢測的同時(shí)，國家衛(wèi)健委將加大對(duì)隔離場所工作人員、進(jìn)口冷鏈?zhǔn)称芳斑M(jìn)口貨物接觸人員的核酸檢測力度。

In addition, tests on environmental samples taken from medical institutions, agricultural markets and cold-chain facilities will be stepped up, he said, adding that comprehensive disinfection on imported cold products will be enforced.

進(jìn)一步開展醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)、農(nóng)貿(mào)市場、冷鏈?zhǔn)称废嚓P(guān)環(huán)境等的核酸檢測，加強(qiáng)對(duì)進(jìn)口冷鏈產(chǎn)品的全面消毒。

Virus control measures at key venues deemed at higher risk of the virus’s spread, including schools, nursing homes and charity facilities for people with disabilities, should be strengthened to stamp out potential infection clusters.

聚焦學(xué)校、養(yǎng)老和殘疾人福利等病毒傳播高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)場所，落實(shí)疫情防控的相關(guān)制度和措施，嚴(yán)防聚集性疫情發(fā)生。

跨境活動(dòng)謹(jǐn)慎安排

“We do not recommend people touring abroad. For those who have to go abroad for humanitarian purposes or other reasons, it is important for them to take good self-protective measures and have full knowledge of COVID-19 prevention and control policies at their countries of destination”, Luo Zhaohui, vice-foreign minister, said at a news conference.外交部副部長羅照輝表示，不主張大家出國旅行旅游。由于一些人道主義或不得已的原因必須要出國的，做好防護(hù)，充分了解目的地國防疫政策，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。

Li said control and prevention efforts will only be strengthened due to higher risks of imported infections during the winter, which is also a peak season for other respiratory infections.李斌表示，冬季病毒輸入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高，同時(shí)也是其他呼吸道疾病高發(fā)期，疫情防控舉措只會(huì)更嚴(yán)格。

區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定 Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

After eight years of negotiations, 15 Asia-Pacific countries signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on Nov 15, the world’s biggest trade pact. The agreement involves all 10 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and five of its major trading partners－China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.

經(jīng)過八年談判，亞太地區(qū)15個(gè)國家于11月15日簽署《區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》（RCEP）。該協(xié)定是全球最大的貿(mào)易協(xié)定，參與國家包括東盟十國及其五個(gè)主要貿(mào)易伙伴：中國、日本、韓國、澳大利亞及新西蘭。

出售榮耀 Honor brand sold

11月17日，多家企業(yè)在《深圳特區(qū)報(bào)》發(fā)布聯(lián)合聲明，深圳市智信新信息技術(shù)有限公司已與華為投資控股有限公司簽署了收購協(xié)議，完成對(duì)榮耀品牌相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)資產(chǎn)的全面收購。出售后，華為不再持有新榮耀公司的任何股份。

Over 30 agents and dealers of Huawei’s Honor brand have acquired all business assets of the budget cellphone brand, according to the joint statement.聯(lián)合聲明指出，30余家榮耀代理商、經(jīng)銷商完成對(duì)榮耀品牌相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)資產(chǎn)的全面收購。榮耀是華為旗下一款經(jīng)濟(jì)型手機(jī)品牌。

【單詞講解】

這里的budget cellphone中的budget跟航空領(lǐng)域的budget airlines的用法一樣，都是形容詞，表示“價(jià)格低廉的，花錢少的”。Budget更常見的用法是名詞或動(dòng)詞，表示“預(yù)算”或“做預(yù)算、規(guī)劃”，比如government budget（政府預(yù)算），a weekly budget for a family of five（五口之家一周的花銷預(yù)算）；budget your time wisely（合理規(guī)劃你的時(shí)間），budget a new hospital（撥出預(yù)算建一所新醫(yī)院）等。

聲明指出，

“This acquisition represents a market-driven investment made to save Honor’s industry chain. It is the best solution to protect the interests of Honor’s consumers, channel sellers, suppliers, partners and employees,” according to the joint statement.此次收購既是榮耀相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈發(fā)起的一場自救和市場化投資，能最大化地保障消費(fèi)者、渠道、供應(yīng)商、合作伙伴及員工的利益。

The acquisition is a multi-win move for the industry, says the statement, adding that all shareholders of the new Honor company will fully support the development of the Honor brand, enabling it to leverage the industry’s advantages in resources, brands, production, channels, and services, and more effectively compete in the marketplace.

此次收購更是一次產(chǎn)業(yè)互補(bǔ)，全體股東將全力支持新榮耀，讓新榮耀在資源、品牌、生產(chǎn)、渠道、服務(wù)等方面汲取各方優(yōu)勢，更高效地參與到市場競爭中。

The change in ownership will not impact Honor’s development direction or the stability of its executive and talent teams, allowing the company to continuously consolidate its foundation for success, says the statement.

所有權(quán)的變化不會(huì)影響榮耀發(fā)展的方向，榮耀高層及團(tuán)隊(duì)將保持穩(wěn)定，繼續(xù)夯實(shí)榮耀成功的基石。

榮耀品牌誕生于2013年，始終面向年輕人，堅(jiān)持中低端價(jià)位，七年間發(fā)展成為年出貨量超七千萬部（annual shipments of over 70 million）的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)手機(jī)品牌。

5G連接數(shù) 5G connections

5G connections in China are expected to reach 200 million by the end of 2020, contributing to more than 85 percent of the global total, according to a recent analysis by GSMA, an international association of mobile operators.全球移動(dòng)通信系統(tǒng)協(xié)會(huì)（GSMA）近期分析顯示，中國的5G連接數(shù)預(yù)計(jì)在2020年將達(dá)到2億，占全球5G連接總數(shù)85%以上。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

5G（5th generation mobile communication technology），即第五代移動(dòng)通信技術(shù)，將提升移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的作用，不僅讓人與人之間互聯(lián)，更讓機(jī)器、物體和終端之間互聯(lián)互控。

5G是一個(gè)全新的通訊技術(shù)，具有高速率（high data rate）、大容量（high capacity）、低時(shí)延（short latency）的特性，這使得5G技術(shù)在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)（Internet of Things）、智慧家居（smart home）、遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)（remote service）、外場支援（field support）、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)（virtual reality）、增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)（augmented reality）等領(lǐng)域有了新的應(yīng)用。

分析指出，

As of September, 107 carriers have commercialized 5G networks in 47 countries and regions. It is expected that 149 carriers will commercialize 5G networks in 57 countries and regions by the end of 2020.截至2020年9月，已有107家運(yùn)營商在47個(gè)國家和地區(qū)商用5G網(wǎng)絡(luò)。預(yù)計(jì)2020年底，將有149家運(yùn)營商在57個(gè)國家和地區(qū)商用5G網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

By the end of 2025, 410 carriers are expected to commercialize 5G networks in 123 countries and regions.

預(yù)計(jì)2025年底，將有410家運(yùn)營商在123個(gè)國家和地區(qū)商用5G網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

2019年10月31日，三大運(yùn)營商公布5G商用套餐（5G data plans），并于11月1日正式上線，標(biāo)志著中國正式進(jìn)入5G商用時(shí)代。

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，截至9月底，中國5G基站（5G base station）累計(jì)超過69萬個(gè)，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)地市級(jí)5G覆蓋，今年50萬個(gè)5G基站的建設(shè)目標(biāo)提前完成，5G累計(jì)終端連接數(shù)已超過1.6億。

5G technologies have been utilized in more than 20 industries including marine, power grids, healthcare and manufacturing.5G技術(shù)已被應(yīng)用于海洋、電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)、醫(yī)療及制造等20多個(gè)行業(yè)。

By the end of September, China’s three major telecom operators had launched more than 5,000 innovation projects and signed around 1,000 5G business contracts.截至9月底，三大運(yùn)營商已推出5000余個(gè)創(chuàng)新工程，簽署了約1000個(gè)5G商業(yè)合約。

流失文物 lost cultural relics

11月18日，國家文物局副局長關(guān)強(qiáng)在國家文物局召開的例行新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上表示，今年1月以來，國家文物局與外交、海關(guān)等部門緊密合作，在中國駐英國使館大力支持下，歷時(shí)10個(gè)月，成功將流失英國25年的68件走私文物追索回國。

The cultural relics date from the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), encompassing a variety of items, mainly ceramics. They are from provinces including Jiangxi, Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Shaanxi, Hebei and Guizhou.這些文物時(shí)間跨度從春秋到清代，質(zhì)地多為陶瓷，地域分布江西、安徽、福建、河南、陜西、河北、貴州等。

【單詞講解】

我們常見的cultural relics里面的relic指“an object, tradition, or system from the past that continues to exist”，即“從過去流傳至今的物件、傳統(tǒng)或體系”，在考古領(lǐng)域多指“從過去遺留下來的物件，沒有現(xiàn)實(shí)用處，但多具有歷史意義”或者“遺跡、遺物”等。Artifact，在英式英語中寫作artefact，一般指“手工制品”，在考古領(lǐng)域則多指挖掘出來的“手工制作的（工具、武器、飾品等具有考古或歷史價(jià)值的）文物”。因此在表示“歷史文物”的時(shí)候，relic涵蓋的范圍要比artifact要廣一些，而且這兩個(gè)詞一般都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

Their return brings an end to a quarter-century of China’s efforts to retrieve lost cultural relics from overseas, said Guan Qiang, deputy director of the administration.

國家文物局副局長關(guān)強(qiáng)表示，這批文物的回歸，為中國政府持續(xù)25年的跨國文物追索行動(dòng)畫上圓滿句號(hào)。

【單詞講解】

這里用常見詞return表示“返還、回歸”很好理解，更加正式的表達(dá)可以用repatriate historical artifacts或者名詞形式repatriation of historical artifacts，repatriate表示send something back to its home country（把…送回國），如果是repatriate someone則表示“遣返、遣送回國”。

“追索流散文物”可以用retrieve lost cultural relics/historical artifacts表示。Retrieve 表示“找回，重新獲得”，比如追討官員贓款（retrieve officials’ illegal gains），找到遺體（retrieve bodies）等。

1989年，中國接受聯(lián)合國教科文組織1970年《關(guān)于禁止和防止非法進(jìn)出口文化財(cái)產(chǎn)和非法轉(zhuǎn)讓其所有權(quán)的方法的公約》（the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property），之后與20多個(gè)國家就打擊非法文物交易以及流失文物追索返還簽署雙邊協(xié)議（bilateral agreements on fighting the illegal transfer of and facilitating the repatriation of relics）。

金磚國家新工業(yè)革命伙伴關(guān)系 BRICS partnership on the new industrial revolution

President Xi Jinping said that China will work with other parties to flesh out the BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution at a faster pace, adding that China will set up an innovation center for such a partnership in Xiamen, Fujian province to advance cooperation on policy coordination, personnel training and project development. Xi made the remarks on Nov 17 when addressing the 12th BRICS Summit via video link.

金磚國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人第十二次會(huì)晤11月17日以視頻方式舉行，國家主席習(xí)近平發(fā)表講話。他表示，中方愿同各方一道加快建設(shè)金磚國家新工業(yè)革命伙伴關(guān)系。我們將在福建省廈門市建立金磚國家新工業(yè)革命伙伴關(guān)系創(chuàng)新基地，開展政策協(xié)調(diào)、人才培養(yǎng)、項(xiàng)目開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域合作。

暴雪 snowstorm

受往年同期罕見的強(qiáng)大暖濕氣流影響，11月19日中國東北及內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)出現(xiàn)雨雪冰凍大風(fēng)天氣。

Snowstorms in China’s northernmost province of Heilongjiang have grounded more than 100 flights and forced expressways and schools to be closed, local authorities said.當(dāng)?shù)卣硎荆邶埥”┭┮褜?dǎo)致100多個(gè)航班取消，高速路和學(xué)校也被迫關(guān)閉。

【單詞講解】

這里的ground用作動(dòng)詞，表示“使…停留在地面（港口）不能移動(dòng)”，多用于輪船、飛機(jī)等運(yùn)輸設(shè)備，所以上面這句話我們也可以說more than 100 flights were grounded because of the snowstorm。另外，經(jīng)?？疵绖〉耐瑢W(xué)應(yīng)該能注意到，ground有時(shí)候也用來表示家長對(duì)做錯(cuò)事的孩子進(jìn)行懲罰，不讓他們出去玩，就是“禁足”，比如：My parents grounded me for a week（我爸媽讓我禁足一個(gè)星期）或I am grounded for a week（我被禁足一個(gè)星期）。

Snowfall of up to 25.8 mm was recorded in cities including Harbin and Mudanjiang, bringing a blanket of snow 17 cm deep in some places, according to the province’s meteorological center.

黑龍江省氣象中心的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，哈爾濱、牡丹江等地的降雪達(dá)到25.8毫米，部分地區(qū)的積雪厚度達(dá)到17厘米。

In Jilin province, heavy rains and strong winds have forced many cities to close their primary and middle schools and kindergartens for one or two days, including in the capital city Changchun, as well as Songyuan and Baicheng.

強(qiáng)降雨和大風(fēng)迫使吉林省長春市、松原市以及白城市的中小學(xué)及幼兒園關(guān)閉一至兩天。

The Changchun Longjia International Airport has been closed, with a total of 126 flights canceled and 17 flights delayed as of 3 pm. Train services at three major railway stations in Changchun have also been partially closed.長春龍嘉國際機(jī)場關(guān)閉，截至11月19日下午3點(diǎn)，126個(gè)航班取消，17個(gè)航班延誤。長春市三個(gè)主要火車站也部分關(guān)閉。

Police in Liaoning province have imposed traffic restrictions on expressways due to the snow, while some highways have been closed.

受降雪影響，遼寧省警方對(duì)高速公路采取限行措施，部分道路關(guān)閉。

The National Meteorological Center said snow will continue to lower temperatures by 8 to 10 degrees, but will taper off from Friday through Sunday. The snow system will move toward Northwest and North China, including the Xinjiang Uygur and Ningxia Hui autonomous regions, Beijing and Gansu province. Heavy rainfall is expected in some areas.

中央氣象臺(tái)表示，降雪將導(dǎo)致氣溫下降8到10度，不過從11月20日至22日，降雪將逐漸減少，并轉(zhuǎn)移至西北、華北的新疆、寧夏、甘肅以及北京等地。部分地區(qū)將出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)降雨。

【單詞講解】

這里的taper off是一個(gè)固定搭配的短語，表示“逐漸減少、變小”等意思，比如：Her voice tapered off as she realized everyone was listening.（當(dāng)她意識(shí)到大家都在聽時(shí)，她的聲音就越來越小了）。Taper作為動(dòng)詞，本身也表示“逐漸變小、變細(xì)、變窄”等意思，比如：The cave tapered to a narrow passageway.（那個(gè)洞穴慢慢變成了一條窄窄的通道）。

嫦娥五號(hào) Chang’e-5

11月24日4時(shí)30分，我國在中國文昌航天發(fā)射場，用長征五號(hào)遙五運(yùn)載火箭成功發(fā)射探月工程嫦娥五號(hào)探測器。

Chang’e-5, comprising an orbiter,a returner, a lander, and an ascender, with a total takeoff mass of 8.2 tonnes, is expected to accomplish unmanned rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit.“嫦娥五號(hào)”探測器起飛重量8.2噸，包括軌道器、返回器、著陸器、上升器四個(gè)部分，將在月球軌道實(shí)施無人交會(huì)對(duì)接。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

“嫦娥五號(hào)”的英文是Chang’e-5，而我國首個(gè)載人飛船“神舟五號(hào)”的英文是Shenzhou V。這是因?yàn)?，在英文?bào)道中，無人航空飛行器、衛(wèi)星、火箭等（unmanned space vessels, satellites, rockets）的編號(hào)一般用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，而載人飛行器（manned spacecraft）的編號(hào)一般用羅馬數(shù)字。

飛天后要進(jìn)行一系列復(fù)雜操作

After it enters the lunar orbit, the lander-ascender combination will separate from the orbiter-returner combination.

嫦娥五號(hào)進(jìn)入月球軌道后，著陸器和上升器組合體將與軌道器和返回器組合體分離。

While the orbiter-returner orbits about 200 km above the lunar surface, the lander-ascender will touch down on the northwest region of Oceanus Procellarum, also known as the Ocean of Storms, on the near side of the moon in early December.

著陸器和上升器組合體在距離月球表面200公里處留軌運(yùn)行，著陸器承載上升器計(jì)劃12月初在月球西北面的“風(fēng)暴洋”區(qū)域登陸。

About 2 kg of samples are expected to be collected and sealed in a container in the spacecraft.

嫦娥五號(hào)將在月球收集2公斤樣本，并進(jìn)行密封封裝。

Then the ascender will take off with the sample, and dock with the orbiter-returner in orbit. After the samples are transferred to the returner, the ascender will separate from the orbiter-returner.

之后，上升器帶著采集的月球樣品起飛上升，與軌返組合體對(duì)接。樣本轉(zhuǎn)送至返回器后，上升器會(huì)與軌返組合體分離。

The combination of orbiter and returner will then depart the lunar orbit and return to Earth’s orbit, where the pair will break up and the returner will conduct a host of complicated maneuvers to return to a preset landing site in North China’s Inner Mongolia autonomous region in mid-December.

接下來，軌返組合體將離開月球軌道，返回地球軌道，并在那里實(shí)施分離，返回器將進(jìn)行一系列復(fù)雜的操控，于12月中旬在內(nèi)蒙古自治域的預(yù)定地點(diǎn)著陸。

The entire mission is scheduled to last about 23 days, according to the China National Space Administration.

國家航天局表示，整個(gè)任務(wù)預(yù)計(jì)持續(xù)約23天。

嫦娥五號(hào)與以往的中國探月任務(wù)有什么不同？

中國探月工程是我國啟動(dòng)的第一個(gè)探月工程，于2004年1月23日正式啟動(dòng)，分為繞、落、回三部曲。

1、“繞（orbiting）”就是發(fā)射月球衛(wèi)星，嫦娥一號(hào)和嫦娥二號(hào)已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

2、“落（landing）”就是在月球表面軟著陸，嫦娥三號(hào)已實(shí)現(xiàn)在月球的正面軟著陸，“嫦娥四號(hào)”也已實(shí)現(xiàn)在月球背面軟著陸，并在月球背面開展科學(xué)探測工作，在全球尚屬首次。

3、“回（sample returning）”就是從月球表面采樣返回地球，就是本次嫦娥五號(hào)執(zhí)行的任務(wù)，計(jì)劃把2千克的月壤樣品帶回地球。

嫦娥五號(hào)任務(wù)的科學(xué)目標(biāo)主要是開展著陸點(diǎn)區(qū)域形貌探測和地質(zhì)背景勘察（investigate the landing site’s geological and topographic features），獲取與月球樣品相關(guān)的現(xiàn)場分析數(shù)據(jù)，建立現(xiàn)場探測數(shù)據(jù)與實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析數(shù)據(jù)之間的聯(lián)系；對(duì)月球樣品進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)、長期的實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究，分析月壤結(jié)構(gòu)、物理特性、物質(zhì)組成（enable scientists to analyze the lunar samples’ structure and physical traits），深化月球成因和演化歷史的研究（deepen their research into the moon’s origin and evolution）。

貧困縣全部脫貧 all impoverished counties removed from the poverty list

China has achieved the feat of removing all 832 counties from the country’s poverty list. The last nine impoverished counties, all in southwest China’s Guizhou province, have eliminated absolute poverty, the provincial government announced on Nov 23. An assessment conducted by third-party agencies earlier this month showed that the overall incidence of poverty in the nine counties in Guizhou had been reduced to zero percent, and the satisfaction rate among locals was over 99 percent.

11月23日，貴州省宣布剩余的9個(gè)貧困縣消除絕對(duì)貧困。至此，我國832個(gè)貧困縣全部脫貧。第三方機(jī)構(gòu)本月初進(jìn)行的評(píng)估顯示，貴州省這9個(gè)縣的貧困發(fā)生率已降為0，群眾認(rèn)可度超過99%。

數(shù)字鴻溝 digital divide

11月24日，國務(wù)院辦公廳公布《關(guān)于切實(shí)解決老年人運(yùn)用智能技術(shù)困難的實(shí)施方案》，針對(duì)老年人運(yùn)用智能技術(shù)遇到的種種“痛點(diǎn)”“難點(diǎn)”，提出解決方案。

The plan sets objectives for work in the 2020-2022 period focusing on seven types of services and scenarios most frequently used by or facing the elderly, such as day-to-day traveling, medical treatment, recreational activities, and civic services.方案聚焦老年人日常生活涉及的出行、就醫(yī)、文娛、辦事等7類高頻事項(xiàng)和服務(wù)場景，提出了2020至2022年期間的工作目標(biāo)。

By the end of 2022, the level and convenience of smart services for the elderly will be significantly improved, online and offline services will be better coordinated, and long-term mechanisms bridging the digital divide will be established, according to the plan.方案提出，到2022年底前，老年人享受智能化服務(wù)水平顯著提升、便捷性不斷提高，線上線下服務(wù)更加高效協(xié)同，解決老年人面臨的“數(shù)字鴻溝”問題的長效機(jī)制基本建立。

【單詞講解】

這里的digital divide就是我們所說的“數(shù)字鴻溝”或“信息鴻溝”，也可以用digital gap來表示，指在全球數(shù)字化進(jìn)程（global digitalization）中，不同國家、地區(qū)、行業(yè)、企業(yè)、社區(qū)之間，由于對(duì)信息、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的擁有程度、應(yīng)用程度以及創(chuàng)新能力的差別而造成的信息落差及貧富進(jìn)一步兩極分化的趨勢。

快速發(fā)展的信息技術(shù)，讓更多人享受便利的同時(shí)，卻在老年人面前劃出一道無形的“鴻溝”。無健康碼出行不便，網(wǎng)上掛號(hào)、網(wǎng)上就醫(yī)、網(wǎng)上購物“障礙”重重。

針對(duì)這些問題，方案均提出了應(yīng)對(duì)方式。

Improvements will include securing elderly services in emergencies, including optimizing the health screening procedure that requires health codes produced with mobile applications before entering public places, and offering basic services to senior citizens staying at home.

做好突發(fā)事件應(yīng)急響應(yīng)狀態(tài)下對(duì)老年人的服務(wù)保障，包括完善“健康碼”管理便利老年人通行、保障居家老年人基本服務(wù)需要。

The plan urged efforts to help the elderly make medical treatment appointments by providing diversified channels and improving the way online appointments are made.

便利老年人日常就醫(yī)，包括提供多渠道掛號(hào)等就診服務(wù)、優(yōu)化老年人網(wǎng)上辦理就醫(yī)服務(wù)。

It also underscored the importance of retaining traditional financial service modes while making online consumption more convenient for this group.

保留傳統(tǒng)金融服務(wù)方式、提升網(wǎng)絡(luò)消費(fèi)便利化水平。

To improve the competence of the elderly in terms of technology, measures will be taken to increase the supply of senior-friendly products, redesign internet applications, and enhance technology training for them.

便利老年人使用智能化產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)應(yīng)用，包括擴(kuò)大適老化智能終端產(chǎn)品供給、推進(jìn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用適老化改造、開展老年人智能技術(shù)教育。

【單詞講解】

這里的-friendly作為后綴，通常用在名詞后面，表示“對(duì)…友好的”，比如：user-friendly interface（用戶友好的界面）、environment-friendly（對(duì)環(huán)境友好的/環(huán)保的）。

方案提出，到2020年底前，集中力量推動(dòng)各項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)兜底保障到位，抓緊出臺(tái)實(shí)施一批解決老年人運(yùn)用智能技術(shù)最迫切問題的有效措施（introduce a string of measures effectively addressing the most pressing problems of the elderly in using smart technologies），切實(shí)滿足老年人基本生活需要。

打賞實(shí)名制 real-name management for livestreaming reward

國家廣播電視總局近日發(fā)布《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)秀場直播和電商直播管理的通知》。

Livestreaming shows and hosts should be clearly classified, based on their content, as music, dance, singing, fitness or games, among other categories, according to the circular.通知明確，網(wǎng)絡(luò)秀場直播平臺(tái)要對(duì)節(jié)目內(nèi)容和對(duì)應(yīng)主播實(shí)行標(biāo)簽分類管理，按“音樂”“舞蹈”“唱歌”“健身”“游戲”等進(jìn)行分類標(biāo)注。

【單詞講解】

Livestreaming是live（讀作 /la?v/）和streaming兩個(gè)詞的合成形式，這里的live是形容詞，表示“現(xiàn)場的”，比如我們看春節(jié)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候，主持人就會(huì)說，這里是春晚直播現(xiàn)場，We are here at the live broadcast of the Spring Festival Gala；streaming最初被翻譯成“流媒體”，其實(shí)就是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上播放音頻或者視頻文件，比如在線平臺(tái)網(wǎng)飛（Netflix）就是一個(gè)TV and movie streaming platform（影視劇在線播放平臺(tái)），而stream用作動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候，也可以用來表達(dá)“在線播放”，比如：Millions of videos are streamed every day on Youtube.（油管上每天播放的視頻有數(shù)百萬個(gè)）。那么把live和streaming結(jié)合在一起，就是在線播放現(xiàn)場的音頻或視頻，簡而言之就是“直播”。

“打賞”用戶實(shí)行實(shí)名制管理

According to the circular, online show and livestreaming platforms should implement real-name management for their hosts and users keen on rewarding hosts. In addition, underage users and those who don’t register with their real names should not be allowed to reward hosts.網(wǎng)絡(luò)秀場直播平臺(tái)要對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)主播和“打賞”用戶實(shí)行實(shí)名制管理。未實(shí)名制注冊的用戶不能打賞，未成年用戶不能打賞。

【單詞講解】

在關(guān)于“打賞”的英文報(bào)道中，我們經(jīng)?？吹降谋硎鍪莟ip和reward。Tip的用法很多，之所以會(huì)被用來表示“打賞”，是因?yàn)閠ip用作動(dòng)詞和名詞的時(shí)候，有一個(gè)意思是“(pay) a small amount of money to someone who has provided you with a service, in addition to the official payment and for their personal use”（在正常支付賬單之外，給為你提供服務(wù)的人員支付的一小筆額外費(fèi)用，供其個(gè)人使用），即“（付）小費(fèi)”，比如：He gave the porter a tip/He tipped the porter（他給行李員付了小費(fèi)）。而reward通常指“something (as money) given or offered in return for a service, good behavior, excellent work, etc.”（對(duì)接受的服務(wù)、良好的表現(xiàn)或者出色的工作等行為做出的獎(jiǎng)賞、回報(bào)），也可以直接用作動(dòng)詞來表示“獎(jiǎng)賞（某人）”，比如：The company rewarded him for his years of service with a grand farewell party and several presents（公司用一個(gè)盛大的派對(duì)和很多禮物回饋他多年的工作付出）；Salespeople who are willing to work longer hours will receive significant rewards（主動(dòng)加班的銷售員會(huì)拿到豐厚的回報(bào)）。

在看直播的過程中，用戶打賞行為多是因?yàn)橹鞑サ谋憩F(xiàn)好、內(nèi)容吸引人等因素，而不是主播為用戶提供了什么具體的服務(wù)，因此，個(gè)人以為這里的“打賞”用reward更合適。

The platforms should also put a cap on rewards given to hosts.

平臺(tái)應(yīng)對(duì)最高打賞金額進(jìn)行限制。

When a user’s daily or monthly amount of reward reaches half the limit, the platform should send an alert. Users will be allowed to reward hosts after they confirm through a short messaging service, the circular said.The reward feature will be suspended for users whose daily or monthly limit is reached, it added.

在用戶每日或每月累計(jì)“打賞”達(dá)到限額一半時(shí)，平臺(tái)應(yīng)有消費(fèi)提醒，經(jīng)短信驗(yàn)證等方式確認(rèn)后，才能進(jìn)行下一步消費(fèi)，達(dá)到“打賞”每日或每月限額，應(yīng)暫停相關(guān)用戶的“打賞”功能。

It stated that the platforms should set a delayed arrival period for the reward, and if a host commits an illegal act, the platform should return the reward to the users.

平臺(tái)應(yīng)對(duì)“打賞”設(shè)置延時(shí)到賬期，如主播出現(xiàn)違法行為，平臺(tái)應(yīng)將“打賞”返還用戶。

失信約束制度 the mechanism for deterring acts of bad faith

日前召開的國務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議，確定完善失信約束制度（the mechanism for deterring acts of bad faith）、健全社會(huì)信用體系（the social credit system）的措施，為發(fā)展社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)提供支撐。

會(huì)議明確了六方面措施：

Administrative departments must determine acts of bad faith on the basis of legally binding documents.行政機(jī)關(guān)將特定行為納入公共信用信息，必須嚴(yán)格以法律、法規(guī)等為依據(jù)。

The scope and procedures for sharing credit information will be standardized. The principle of legality and necessity will be observed when deciding whether and to what extent credit information is shared and disclosed.

規(guī)范信用信息共享公開范圍和程序。信用信息是否及在何種范圍共享和公開要堅(jiān)持合法、必要原則。

【單詞講解】

Credit這個(gè)詞用法很多，在學(xué)校里多用來表示“學(xué)分”，比如：He enrolled in a documentary course worth 20 credits（他修了一門紀(jì)錄片的課程，有20個(gè)學(xué)分）；此外，credit還可以用來表示銀行賬戶的“余額”或“信用、信譽(yù)”，比如：Jacob found out his bank account was out of credit.（Jacob 銀行卡里沒有余額了），銀行通常在給人貸款之前會(huì)進(jìn)行 “credit check 信用審查”，并給申請者一個(gè) “信用評(píng)分 credit score 或 credit rating”；另外，credit還有一個(gè)常用意思就是 “贊揚(yáng)、認(rèn)可、功勞、榮譽(yù)”，比如：You should take all the credits for this accomplishment（這個(gè)成就應(yīng)該完全歸功于你）。

The identification of lists of entities that have carried out serious acts of bad faith will be better regulated. The list will be limited to those who put public health and safety in grave jeopardy, seriously sabotage fair market competition order or disrupt normal social order. The list will not be willfully expanded without authorization.規(guī)范嚴(yán)重失信主體名單認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，按照有關(guān)規(guī)定嚴(yán)格限定為嚴(yán)重危害群眾身體健康和生命安全、嚴(yán)重破壞市場公平競爭秩序和社會(huì)正常秩序等方面的責(zé)任主體，不得擅自增加或擴(kuò)展。具體認(rèn)定要嚴(yán)格履行程序。

Punishment against bad-faith acts will be enforced in accordance with laws and regulations, to make sure that penalties are meted out commensurate with dishonest behaviors.

依法依規(guī)開展失信懲戒，確保過懲相當(dāng)。

【單詞講解】

這里的commensurate是形容詞，表示“（在大小、重要性、質(zhì)量等方面）相稱的”，通常與with連用，比如：a salary that is commensurate with skills and experience（與技能經(jīng)驗(yàn)相匹配的薪水）。

A credit repair mechanism will be established. Entities will be allowed to fix negative credit records, unless otherwise stipulated by laws and regulations, should they correct dishonest behaviors and eliminate their adverse impact.

建立有利于自我糾錯(cuò)的信用修復(fù)機(jī)制。除法律法規(guī)等另有規(guī)定外，失信主體按要求糾正失信行為、消除不良影響的均可申請信用修復(fù)。

The meeting underlined the need to strengthen information security and privacy protection. Illegal collection and transaction of credit information will be strictly cracked down on.

加強(qiáng)信息安全和隱私保護(hù)。嚴(yán)厲打擊非法收集、買賣信用信息違法行為。

（中國日報(bào)網(wǎng)英語點(diǎn)津 Helen）

來源：中國日報(bào)網(wǎng)